[x]

"æÞÜá ÇÚãÜáæÇ ÝÓÜíÑì Çááå ÚÜãáßã æÑÓÜæáå æÇáãÄãäÜæä"


..áãÍÉ Úä ßáíÇÊ ÌÇãÚÉ ÏãÔÞ æ ÝÑæÚåÇ... ÔÇÑßäÇ ÊÌÑÈÊß æßáãäÇ Úä ÇÎÊÕÇÕß



ÇáãÍÜÇÖÜÑÇÊ
ÈÑäÜÇãÌ ÇáÜÏæÇã
ÈÑäÜÇãÌ ÇáÇãÊÍÜÜÇä
ÇáäÊÜÇÆÌ ÇáÇãÊÍÜÇäíÜÉ
ÃÓÜÆáÉ ÏæÑÇÊ
ÃÝßÜÇÑ æãÔÜÜÇÑíÚ
ÍáÞÜÜÇÊ ÈÍÜË
ãÔÜÜÇÑíÚ ÊÎÜÑøÌ
"æÞÜá ÇÚãÜáæÇ ÝÓÜíÑì Çááå ÚÜãáßã æÑÓÜæáå æÇáãÄãäÜæä"
ßáíÉ ÇáÕíÏáÉ

ãæÇÖíÚ ããíÒÉ..


ãæÇÖíÚ ääÕÍ ÈÒíÇÑÊåÇ .:Pharmacy:. ÚÔ ãÊÚÉ ÇáÕíÏáÉ .:Pharmacy:. ÊÞäíÉ Çáæíßí: ãÚÇð äÍæ ãÍÊæì ÚÑÈí ÑÞãí Úáãí äÕäÚå ãÚÇð .:Pharmacy:. ÓÇÍÉ ãÔÑæÚ ÊÑÌãÉ ãæÓæÚÉ ÇáÊßäæáæÌíÇ ÇáÕíÏáíÉ .:Pharmacy:. ÊÚæ äáÇÒã ßáäÇ ÓæÇ .:Pharmacy:. ãÚáæãÉ ÚÇáãÇÔí íÇ ÕÜÜÜÜÜÜÜíÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÏáÜÜÜÜÜÜí .:Pharmacy:. ßá ÔÜÜÜí ÌÜÜÜÏíÜÜÜÜÏ .:Pharmacy:. ãæÇÞÚ ÇáÔÑßÇÊ ÇáÏæÇÆíÉ
ãæÇÖíÚ ããíÒÉ:
ãÜäÜÊÜÏì ÊÜÑÌÜãÜÜÉ æÊÜÏÞÜíÜÞ ÃÞÜÜÓÜÜÇã ÇáÜãÜæÓÜÜÜæÚÜÉ
ááÊæÇÕá ãÚ ÇáåíÆÉ ÇáÅÏÇÑíÉ Ýí ßáíÉ ÇáÕíÏáÉ ÇÖÛØ åäÇ
æíßÜí ÝÜÇÑãÇ

ÇáãÑßÒ ÇáÅÎÈÇÑí ÇáÜÜÕÜÜíÏáÇäí

ãÔÑæÚ ÊÑÌãÉ ÇáãæÓæÚÉ ÇáÊßäáæÌíÉ ÇáÕíÏáÇäíÉ

ãæÓæÚÉ ÇáÚáæã ÇáÚÑÈíÉ

ãÔÑæÚ ÇáãÌáÉ ÇáØÈíÉ Medical Journal

ãÔÑæÚ ÇáÃÎÊÇã ÇáÌãÇÚíÉ ÇáÏæÑíÉ

  ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ ÌÇãÚÉ ÏãÔÞ --> ßáíÉ ÇáÕíÏáÉ --> ÇáÕíÜÜÏáÉ ÚáÜÜã æ ÚãÜÜá --> ãäÊÏì ÇáÍæÇÑ ÇáÚÇã
    ÚÔ ßíãíÇÁ ÇáÏæÇÁ
ÚäæÇä ÇáÈÑíÏ :  
ßáãÉ ÇáãÑæÑ :  
                    ÊÓÌíá ÌÜÏíÏ


ÕÝÍÉ 6 ãä 6 <- 4 5 6

ãÔÇÑßÉ : 51


ãÑÇÞÈ ÃÏæíÉ

ÌÇãÚÜí ÇÓÜÜÊËäÇÆí





ãÓÌá ãäÐ: 13-12-2010
ÚÏÏ ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 610
ÊÞííãÇÊ ÇáÚÖæ: 430
ÇáãÊÇÈÚæä: 40

ÛíÑ ãæÌæÏ
ÇÔÜÜÊÑß ÈÇáÊÍÏíËÇÊ
ÑÓÇáÉ ãÓÊÚÌáÉ

ÑÏ ãÔÇÑßÉ : ÚÔ ßíãíÇÁ ÇáÏæÇÁ

10-06-2015 09:25 AM




ÇÓÝ ÚÇáÊÃÎíÑ ÈÇáÑÏ ..
ãÒÈæØ ÌæÇÈß ÏßÊæÑÉ ...ÔßÑÇ ßÊíÑ ....ÑãÒ ÇáÈÑæÊíä ÇáÑÇÈØ ãÒ龯 æåæ ÈíÑÈØ ãÑßÈÇÊ ÊÇäíÉ ßãÇä ãæ ÈÓ  ÍãÖ ÇáÑíÊíäæíß æÈÇáÝÚá åÇáÔí Çáæ ÚáÇÞÉ ÈÇáÊÔæåÇÊ  Çááí ÈíÓÈÈåÇ ááÌäíä ßãÇä..
ÈÓ áÓÇ Çáí ÊÝÕíá ÈÇáãæÖæÚ ÈÓ Úã ÇÈÍË Úä ØÑíÞÉ ÊÇäíÉ æÓáÓÉ ÇÚÑÖæ Ýíå æÝí ãÚáæãÇÊ  ßÊíÑ ÑÍ ÊÏåÔßã ÈÎÕæÕ ÊÃËíÑ ÍãÖ ÇáÑíÊäæíß Úáì ÇáÍãá æÂËÇÑå ÇáÌÇäÈíÉ Úáì ÃÚÖÇÁ ÇáÌÓã ßÇÝÉ æÚä ÃåãíÉ ÇáÈÑæÊíä ÇáÑÇÈØ áÍãÖ ÇáÑíÊäæíß æÏæÑå Ýí ÇáÌÓã ...





ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ ÌÇãÚÉ ÏãÔÞ




ÃäÊ ÛíÑ ãÓÌá áÏíäÇ.. íãßäß ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáÂä.

ãÔÇÑßÉ : 52


....{SalaM}....

ÚÖÜÜæ ãÇÓÜí


{{íÇÑÈ ÃßÑãäÇ ÈßÑÇãÉ ÇáÞÑÂä}}




ãÓÌá ãäÐ: 31-07-2009
ÚÏÏ ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 3855
ÊÞííãÇÊ ÇáÚÖæ: 532
ÇáãÊÇÈÚæä: 132

ÛíÑ ãæÌæÏ
ÇÔÜÜÊÑß ÈÇáÊÍÏíËÇÊ
ÑÓÇáÉ ãÓÊÚÌáÉ

ÑÏ ãÔÇÑßÉ : ÚÔ ßíãíÇÁ ÇáÏæÇÁ

22-07-2015 06:03 PM







ÇáÓáÇã Úáíßã

Ophthalmic Medications in Pregnancy

Little is known of the effect of ophthalmic medications on pregnancy, fetal well-being, and breast milk contamination.[8, 9, 10, 11] However, the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects published a comprehensive review of their findings. Their findings and recommendations are summarized below.

Glaucoma medications

Beta-blockers (eg, timolol, levobunolol, betaxolol, carteolol) should be avoided or used in the lowest possible dose in the first trimester of pregnancy and be discontinued 2-3 days prior to delivery to avoid beta-blockade in the infant. Due to case reports of beta-blockers being concentrated in breast milk, they should be avoided in mothers who are breastfeeding.[12] However, timolol has been reported to be compatible with lactation according to the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Topical and systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (eg, acetazolamide, dorzolamide, brinzolamide) are contraindicated during pregnancy because of potential teratogenic effects. They should be avoided in mothers who are breastfeeding because of the potential hepatic and renal effects to the infant. However, acetazolamide has been reported to be compatible with lactation according to the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Miotics (eg, pilocarpine, echothiophate, carbachol) appear to be safe during pregnancy. The toxicity during lactation is unknown. One exception is demecarium, which is toxic and is contraindicated in pregnancy and mothers who are breastfeeding.

Prostaglandin analogs (eg, latanoprost) are not well studied, and the reports that do exist are conflicting. Prostaglandins are used systemically for labor induction and termination, and as such, the topical use for glaucoma during pregnancy raises natural concern. Therefore, caution should be exercised when latanoprost is administered in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

In animal studies, adrenergic agonists (eg, brimonidine) have not demonstrated any fetal risk. Although no studies were conducted in pregnant patients, it may be used if necessary. Whether brimonidine is excreted in human milk is not known. Therefore, caution should be exercised since topical brimonidine given to human infants aged younger than 2 months has been reported to cause bradycardia, hypertension, hypothermia, and apnea.

Mydriatics

Use of occasional dilating drops during pregnancy for the purposes of ocular examination is safe. However, repeated use is contraindicated because of potential teratogenic effects of both parasympatholytics (eg, atropine) and sympathomimetics (eg, epinephrine). Due to either the anticholinergic or hypertensive effects on the fetus, use of mydriatics is contraindicated in mothers who are breastfeeding.

Corticosteroids

Although systemic corticosteroids are contraindicated in pregnancy, there are no known teratogenic effects of topical steroids. Because little is known about the risk of topical corticosteroids during lactation, it should be avoided in mothers who are breastfeeding.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics that are known to be safe during pregnancy include erythromycin, ophthalmic tobramycin, ophthalmic gentamicin, polymyxin B, and the quinolones. During lactation, polymyxin B and sulfonamides have been shown to be safe. Known antibiotics that should be avoided during pregnancy include the following:

  •           Chloramphenicol         
  •           Systemic gentamicin         
  •           Neomycin         
  •           Rifampin         
  •           Tetracycline         
  •           Systemic tobramycin         
Antivirals

All antivirals should be avoided during pregnancy because of teratogenic effects. Moreover, they should be avoided in mothers who are breastfeeding because of tumorigenicity. However, acyclovir has been reported to be compatible with lactation according to the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Fluorescein

No known teratogenic effects of fluorescein during pregnancy exist. However, the effect of fluorescein in mothers who are breastfeeding is unknown.

Topical anesthetic

No known contraindications exist to the use of topical anesthetic drops in pregnancy or in mothers who are breastfeeding.

Medication use

As described above, patients who are pregnant may require the use of medication to supplement their treatment. However, to ensure a decreased incidence of systemic absorption and toxicity two simple measures have been used. First, prescribing the patient the lowest recommended dose reduces the total amount of available drug. Secondly, patients are instructed when using topical medications to provide nasolacrimal duct and punctual occlusion thus reducing the amount of medication absorbed by the nasal mucosa.





ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ ÌÇãÚÉ ÏãÔÞ




ÃäÊ ÛíÑ ãÓÌá áÏíäÇ.. íãßäß ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáÂä.
ÇáÊÚáíÞ ÈÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇáÝíÓÈæß
ÕÝÍÉ 6 ãä 6 <- 4 5 6
 








ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ ÇáÌÇãÚÉ... ãäÊÏì ÛíÑ ÑÓãí íåÊã ÈØáÇÈ ÌÇãÚÉ ÏãÔÞ æÈåã íÑÊÞí...
ÌãíÚ ÇáÃÝßÇÑ æÇáÂÑÇÁ ÇáãØÑæÍÉ Ýí åÐÇ ÇáãæÞÚ ÊÚÈÑ Úä ßÊøÇÈåÇ ÝÞØ ããÇ íÚÝí ÇáÅÏÇÑÉ ãä ÃíÉ ãÓÄæáíÉ
WwW.Jamaa.Net
MADE IN SYRIA - Developed By: ShababSy.com
ÃÍÏ ãÔÇÑíÚ Shabab Sy
ÇáÅÊÕÇá ÈäÇ - ÇáÕÝÍÉ ÇáÑÆíÓíÉ - ÈÏÇíÉ ÇáÕÝÍÉ